英譯漢的方法和技巧

時間：2025-02-10 11:19:40 曉鳳翻譯資格

英譯漢常用的方法和技巧

　　英譯漢常用的方法和技巧，由應屆畢業生培訓網整理而成，謝謝您的閱讀，祝您閱讀愉快。

　　一、詞義的選擇、引申和褒貶

　　1.一詞多義(Polysemy)

　　regular

　　regular reading / regular job / regular flight / regular visitor / regular speed / regular army / gasoline

　　delicate

　　delicate skin / porcelain / upbringing / living / health / stomach / vase / diplomatic question / difference / surgical operation / ear for music / sense of smell / touch / food

　　2.注意有線詞的詞義

　　He once again imparted to us his great knowledge, experience and wisdom.

　　He now saw plainly the meaning of all. In the beginning, he had got a job the first day; but now he was second-hand, a damaged article, and they did not want him. They had got the best out of him, and now they had thrown him away. The situation had now become desperate. Then came another incident.

　　3.詞義的引申(Extension or Generalization)

　　1) Extend the word meaning to cover an abstraction concept

　　His novel is a mirror of the times.

　　The OED is the final court of appeal in all matters concerning English words.

　　Sam knows he can depend on his family, rain or shine.

　　2) Extend the word meaning to cover a specific concept

　　In two years, he was a national phenomenon.

　　Public opinion is demanding more and more that something be done about noise.

　　Mary’s father, by his first marriage, had a daughter, Jane, Mary’s half-sister.

　　4.詞義的褒貶(Commendatory and Derogatory)

　　The reckless driver died in the traffic accident.

　　Poor Joe’s panic lasted for two or three days; during which he did not visit the house.

　　It was time to hold a court and the subject for discussion was the future of that prisoner.

　　John was an aggressive salesman who did his job quite well.

　　The invaders met a stubborn resistance from the local people.

　　She was vexed by the persistent ringing of the phone.

　　5.Exercises

　　I have no opinion of that sort of man.

　　She put five dollars into my hand. “You have been a great man today.”

　　I’m afraid you’re being too particular about your food.

　　I was the youngest son, and the youngest but two.

　　The picture flattered her.

　　The country not agreeing with her, she returned to England.

　　二、詞類轉譯法

　　(一)轉譯成動詞

　　(1)名詞轉譯動詞(Convert nouns into verbs)

　　My admiration for him grew more.

　　He said he did not know whether Tom was ready for a showdown.

　　To some extent it gets into the question of the chicken or the egg.

　　The Nobel prizes in physics and chemistry were rewarded to Americans, giving the U.S. a clean sweep of all the 1976 Nobel prizes in the sciences.

　　Television is the transmission and reception of image of moving objects by radio waves.

　　In the absence of friction, the vehicle could not even be started.

　　Vietnamese War is a drain on American resources.

　　I am no drinker, nor smoker.

　　The application of electronic computers makes a tremendous rise in labor productivity.

　　(2)介詞轉譯成動詞(Convert prepositions into verbs)

　　There are many substances through which electric currents will not flow at all.

　　We are fortunate in our opponent.

　　Captain Ford was between the sheets by 9 last night.

　　The most he is after at this time is a chance to get more money.

　　I tried to talk him out of the idea, but he was unpleasant.

　　Millions of the people in the mountainous areas are finally off poverty.

　　“Coming!” Away she skimmed over the lawn, up the path, up the steps, across the veranda, and into the porch.

　　(3)形容詞轉譯成動詞(Convert adjectives into verbs)

　　He said the meeting was informative.

　　They were news-hungry.

　　It was a very informative meeting.

　　(4)副詞轉譯成動詞(Convert adverbs into verbs)

　　The experiment in chemistry was ten minutes behind.

　　It has snowed over.

　　Why should we let in foreign goods when Americans walk the streets because they can’t sell their own goods?

　　(二)轉譯成名詞

　　(1)動詞轉譯成名詞(Convert verbs into nouns)

　　She knows what’s what.

　　They thought differently.

　　TV differs from radio in that it sends and receives pictures.

　　The computer is chiefly characterized by its accurate and rapid computations.

　　He roared, which threatened his enemies away.

　　The man I saw at the party looked and talked like an American.

　　(2)形容詞轉譯成名詞

　　The new treaty would be good for ten years.

　　The language of the poem is colloquial, yet it’s deep in its understanding of human emotions.

　　Then the monkeys were trained according to different plans so as to make them highly individualized.

　　Everyday experience shows us that heavy objects are more stable than light ones.

　　(三)轉譯成形容詞

　　名詞轉譯成形容詞

　　Their physical experiment was a success.

　　The nuclear power system designed in China is of great precision.

　　Said a New York bullion trader, “The market’s gone banana.”

　　He found on this issue, as on Taiwan, an identity of approach.

　　In Europe, his name was well known, if not a household word.

　　(四)其他詞類轉譯

　　副詞轉譯成名詞

　　The air-conditioning unit is shown schematically on Page 2.

　　Oxygen is one of the important elements in the physical world, it is very active chemically.

　　The image must be dimensionally correct.

　　三、被動語態的譯法

　　(一)大量的英語被動句要化成漢語的主動句

　　1. He said the pact had now been reduced to less than a shadow.

　　2. She had no knowledge of this and had not been consulted on these reported plans.

　　3. What has just been written runs the risk of oversimplification.

　　4. Many voices have been raised demanding the setting up of an Arab common market.

　　(二)以by為著眼點，進行多種譯文

　　1. But real influence is not built up by striking attitude or by throwing insults.

　　2. Its sincerity is illustrated not only by its proposal but also by its deeds.

　　3. What I like best are the stern cliffs, with ranges of mountains soaring behind them, full of possibilities, peaks to be scaled only by the most daring.

　　4. Many expect that he will be outed by one of his rivals.

　　5. He said he was assured by the State Department that the U.S. is willing to normalize relations with his country.

　　(三)“it + be + p.p. + that clause”的句型，常以下列形式表達

　　1. It should be noted that he and she were academically more than just friends.

　　2. It should be understood that to err is human.

　　(四)漢譯中需用被動式時，也最好多找一些字眼來取代“被”字

　　1. The visitor was flattered and impressed.

　　2. Everybody was fed up with her gossip.

　　3. He was set upon by two naked men.

　　4. If the expenditure is really necessary, the money can be found somehow.

　　5. He was released immediately after Batista fled Cuba.

　　四、增詞法

　　(一)名詞、動名詞前增補動詞

　　1. We often go to the school-run factory for labor.

　　2. Testing is a complicated problem and long experience is required for its mastery.

　　(二)英語抽象名詞的翻譯

　　1. He was still reluctant to talk substance.

　　2. Many changes take place during the transformation.

　　3. Her indifference kept all the visitors away from the exhibition hall.

　　4. From the evaporation of water people know that liquid can turn into gases under certain conditions.

　　(三)將具體形象的詞譯成該形象所具有的屬性和特征，這是一種引申，需增詞

　　1. It was a Godsend to him.

　　2. If you dare to play the fox with me, I’ll shoot you at once.

　　(四)增添“概括”性的詞

　　1. He had slept there before, in July and again in October.

　　2. Their host carved, poured, served, cut bread, talked, laughed, proposed health.

　　3. The government is doing its best to ease the tension in that area.

　　4. Proteins are composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen.

　　5. This report summed up the achievements in technology and education.

　　(五)英文中為避免重復而省略之詞，漢譯時需補上，作必要的重復

　　1. I hope that the meeting will not be too long, for it will only waste time.

　　(六)漢譯文根據原文意思增加一些必要的解釋性文字

　　1. And he launched into a speech, eloquently advocating his university of the future.

　　2. Those were the words that were to make the world blossom for, “like Aaron’s rod, with flowers”.

　　(七)增補量詞

　　1. Repeat the experiment using a wooden ruler, a piece of glass, a metal spoon, a coin, a piece of paper, a pin, a plastic comb, a key, a pencil, a tin lid and a rubber eraser.

　　2. On April 24th 1970, China successfully launched its first man-made earth satellite.

　　(八)增補表示復數含義的詞

　　1. But that the old workers helped us, we should have failed.

　　2. The moving parts of a machine are often oiled so that friction may be greatly reduced.

　　考研英譯漢復習方法及解題技巧

　　1) 略讀全文

　　在翻譯過程中，理解是表達的前提，因此，首先要略讀全文，從整體上把握整篇文章的內容，并理解劃線部分與文章其他部分之間的語法及邏輯關系。

　　2) 分析劃線部分

　　劃線部分一般來說句子結構都比較復雜，如果高不清楚句子結構，很難做出正確的翻譯。分析劃線句子結構時，要注意分清主從句，哪是句子的主干。其次，要理解劃線句子的意義，不僅要弄清句子表面的意義，還要理解在特定的語言環境中的意義。也要特別注意句子中的代詞和所指代的意義。另外，要注意句子中包含的短語和固定結構，這也往往是考點。

　　3) 翻譯

　　正確理解原文后，接下來就是翻譯。關鍵是綜合運用各種翻譯方法將英文的原意忠實的表達出來。關于翻譯，有直譯和意譯兩種方法，只是我們很多人都沒有理解直譯和意譯的區別，從以上所談的英漢區別可知，不可能存在絕對的直譯，因為畢竟兩種語言相差太大，任何直譯都是經過一定變通之后的直譯，但有的人以為這便是意譯是錯誤的，意譯一般在文學翻譯中才會出現。要做好翻譯，關鍵要有正確的翻譯意識，前面所說的技巧是必須用的，把握了這一點，也就具備了做好英語翻譯題的前提。

　　主要有如下翻譯技巧。

　　1)分譯法。翻譯部分句子，大多為復雜從句，而漢語中沒有與之一一對應的從句，因此，要翻譯出來讓人看懂，就必須將其拆開，分譯成各個單句。

　　轉譯法。很多被動語態如果機械的翻成被動語態，可能會讓人看了覺得別扭，因此需要轉為主動態。此外，還有否定轉譯等各種情況。

　　2. 添減詞法。由于英漢兩種語言的差異，在英文看上去比較正常的句子，譯成漢語時，如果不或增或減一些詞可能無法把英文的原意表達出來，這樣就需要適當地運用添減詞法。

　　3. 單復數譯法。單復數要譯出。

　　4. 時態的譯法。英語中有專門表示時態的句子成分，而漢語則沒有，因此，有時必須加一些表時間的副詞，如“著，了，在“等。

　　5. 代詞的譯法。代詞一般需要轉譯成名詞，即把其所指代的意義譯出。

　　6. 人名地名的譯法。知道的可以譯出來，不知道就保持原文。

　　4)校核

　　校核主要有三方面：一是檢查譯文是否忠實于原文。通過把譯文和原文對照比較往往能發現問題;二是檢查譯文本身是否通順或表達清楚。三是檢查譯文是否有筆誤，是否有漏譯詞，是否有代詞未轉譯，時態是否譯出，數字、日期是否譯錯，標點符號是否用錯等。

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