英語寫作中的修辭知識歸納
學英語寫作中的修辭
修辭手段一般主要用于文學性寫作中。但在大學英語的英文寫作中有時也需要運用一定的具有英文特征的修辭手段，而且運用得好，會使語句生動從而增添語句亮點。因此，掌握一些一般常用修辭手段對于實現(xiàn)語句亮點也是非常必要的。對于大學英語寫作來說，主要應該掌握以下修辭手段，又稱語句辭格，包括結(jié)構(gòu)辭格與語義辭格。對比、排比、重復、倒裝等為結(jié)構(gòu)辭格，轉(zhuǎn)義、雙關(guān)、矛盾等則為語義辭格。
1、對比
正反對比就是要巧妙地運用對稱的英文句式來表達互為補充的意思，因此恰當?shù)剡\用反義詞語往往是必不可少的。如果一旦所要表達的內(nèi)容具有這種情況，就應盡力選用這種對稱的句式并選用適當?shù)姆戳x詞語來加強語句，實現(xiàn)語句的亮點。
1）如“很多人很快就會發(fā)現(xiàn)，他們在物質(zhì)上是富裕了，精神上卻很貧乏”，可以這樣達：
Many people will soon find themselves rich in goods, but ragged in spirit.
(注：句中rich in 與 ragged in, goods 與 spirit 具有正反對比的關(guān)系和效果。）
2）如“利遠遠大于弊”，可以這樣表達：
The advantages for outweigh the disadvantages.
(注：句中 the advantages 與 the disadvantages 具有正反對比的關(guān)系和效果。）
3）如“他們注意到了這些說法中的一些道理，但他們卻忽視了一個重要的事實”，可以這樣表達：
They have noticed a grain of truth in the statements, but have ignored a more important fact.
(注：句中have noticed 與 have ignored, a grain of truth in the statements 與 a more important fact 具有正反對比的關(guān)系和效果。)
4）如“這樣做既有積極效果也有消極效果”，可以這樣表達：
It will have both negative and positive effects by so doing.
(注：句中negative 與positive具有正反對比的關(guān)系和效果)
5）如“我們既有與我們很為相似的朋友，又有與我們很為不同的朋友”，可以這樣表達：
We have friends similar to us and friends different from us.
(注： 句中similar to 與 different from具有正反對比的關(guān)系和效果)
2、排比
英文中有時也使用排比句式，這種句式整齊而有氣勢，又不會使人感到單調(diào)。例如，如“讀書使我們聰明，鍛煉使我們強健”，可以這樣表達：
Reading makes us wise while exercises make us strong.
3、重復
英文一般講求簡潔，因此為表達強調(diào)偶爾使用重復可以使語句的強調(diào)內(nèi)容得到突出。英文的重復又根據(jù)被重復詞語在語句中的位置分為句首重復、句尾重復、首尾重復、尾首重復等。
1)如“現(xiàn)在是忘掉過去一切的時候了。現(xiàn)在是言歸正傳的時候了。現(xiàn)在是為未來而奮斗的時候了”，可以這樣表達：
Now is the time to forget everything in the past. Now is the time to get down to the business. Now is the time to work hard for the future.
（注：此句為句首重復，重復部分為句首的now it the time to )
2)如“我們渴望成功，而且正在為成功而努力工作”，可以這樣表達：
We long for success and we are working hard for success.
(注：此句為句尾重復，重復的部分為句尾的for success.)
3)如“我相信我們能夠成功，我相信我們也一定會成功”，可以這樣表達：
I am convinced that we can succeed, and Iam convinced that we must succeed.
(注：and 所連接的兩個語句的句首與句尾部分同時重復，重復的部分為句首的 I am convinced that與句尾的succeed)
4)如“我們現(xiàn)在生活在一個新的時代，而一個改革充滿著風險與機遇”，可以這樣表達：
We are now living in a new era, and a new era of reform is always full of ventures and chances.
(注：and 之前的句尾與and之后的句首重復，重復部分為a new era.)
4、倒裝
這里說的倒裝不同于前述非修辭性的語法結(jié)構(gòu)倒裝。非修辭性的語法結(jié)構(gòu)倒裝是語句的語法結(jié)構(gòu)所限定的，沒有自由選擇的余地，只要運用需要倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)的句型就要采用倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)。這里所說的倒裝是指修辭性語義結(jié)構(gòu)倒裝，是進行強調(diào)的一種手段，它利用了語句句首(或句尾)的特殊位置。例如，如“充滿著風險與機遇的改革的新時代正向我們走來”，可以這樣表達：
Now on coming to us is the new era of reform full of ventures and chances.
5、轉(zhuǎn)義
轉(zhuǎn)義是一種對詞語靈活運用的修辭手段，主要有比喻、擬人、夸張、反語、婉轉(zhuǎn)等，比喻又包括明喻、暗喻、換喻、提喻等。
1)如要表達“過去的經(jīng)歷就像圖片一樣總是在腦海中縈繞”，英文可為：
What had been experienced in the past was always looming in memory like a picture.
(注：此句采用明喻，明喻的特點是使用了like一詞)
2)如要表達“我們的英語老師就是我們最好的英語辭典”，英文可為：
Our English teacher is our best English dictionary.
(注：此句采用暗喻，暗喻的特點是利用事物之間的相似之處進行比喻，與明喻不同之處在于不使用like一詞)
3)如要表達“我正在讀莎土比亞的書呢”，英文可為：
I am reading Shakespeare.
(注：此句采用換喻，換喻的特點是直接借用一事物的名稱宋代替另一事物的名稱，使用通過聯(lián)想理解其含義，但不是所有的事物都是可以用換喻來表達的)
4)如要表達“這里需要一個幫手”，英文可為：
A hand is needed here.
(注：此句采用提喻，提喻的特點是用一個事物的部分來代表事物的整體或用一個事物的整體來代表事物的部分。這里用hand一詞代表整個人)
5)如要表達“巨大的不幸籠罩著整個城市”，英文可為：
A great misfortune crept over the whole city.
(注：此句采用擬人。擬人的特點是將事物人格化)
6)如要表達“這種想法可真是偉大的愚蠢”，英文可為：
This is really a great stupid idea.
(注：此句采用反語。反語的特點是故意將話反說，具有諷刺意味)
7)如要表達“我太渴望成功了。聽到成功的消息我欣喜若狂”，英文可為：
I was mad for success and on the news of success I
went mad with joy.
(注：此句采用夸張。夸張的特點是為表現(xiàn)事物的特征故意夸大其詞)
英語寫作必背200句
According to a recent survey ,four-million people die each year from diseases linked to smoking.
依照最近的一項調(diào)查,每年有4,000,000人死于與吸煙相關(guān)的疾病.
The latest surveys show that Quite a few children have unpleasant associations with homework.
最近的調(diào)查顯示相當多的孩子對家庭作業(yè)沒什么好感.
No invention has received more praise and abuse than Internet.
沒有一項發(fā)明象互聯(lián)網(wǎng)同時受到如此多的贊揚和批評.
People seem to fail to take into account the fact that education does not end with graduation.
人們似乎忽視了教育不應該隨著畢業(yè)而結(jié)束這一事實.
Many experts point out that physical exercise contributes directly to a person’s physical fitness.
許多專家指出體育鍛煉直接有助于身體健康.
Nowadays ,many students always go into raptures at the mere mention of the coming life of high school or college they will begin.Unfortunately ,for most young people ,it is not pleasant experience on their first day on campus.
當前,一提到即將開始的學校生活,許多學生都會興高采烈.然而,對多數(shù)年輕人來說,校園剛開始的日子并不是什么愉快的經(jīng)歷.
In view of the seriousness of this problem ,effective measures should be taken before things get worse.
考慮到問題的嚴重性,在事態(tài)進一步惡化之前,必須采取有效的措施.
Proper measures must be taken to limit the number of foreign tourists and the great efforts should be made to protect local environment and history from the harmful effects of international tourism.
應該采取適當?shù)拇胧┫拗仆鈬糜握叩臄?shù)量,努力保護當?shù)丨h(huán)境和歷史不受國際旅游業(yè)的不利影響.
An increasing number of experts believe that migrants will exert positive effects on construction of city .However ,this opinion is now being questioned by more and more city residents ,who complain that the migrants have brought many serious problems like crime and prostitution.
越來越多的專家相信移民對城市的建設起到積極作用.然而,越來越多的城市居民卻懷疑這種說法,他們抱怨民工給城市帶來了許多嚴重的問題,象犯罪和賣淫.
Many city residents complain that it is so few buses in their city that they have to spend much more time waiting for a bus ,which is usually crowded with a large number of passengers.
許多市民抱怨城市的公交車太少,以至于他們要花很長時間等一輛公交車,而車上可能已滿載乘客.
There is no denying the fact that air pollution is an extremely serious problem :the city authorities should take strong measures to deal with it.
無可否認，空氣污染是一個極其嚴重的問題：城市當局應該采取有力措施來解決它。
An investigation shows that female workers tend to have a favorable attitude toward retirement.
一項調(diào)查顯示婦女歡迎退休.
A proper part-time job does not occupy student's too much time .In fact ,it is unhealthy for them to spend all of time on their study .As an old saying goes :All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy
一份適當?shù)臉I(yè)余工作并不會占用學生太多的時間,事實上,把全部的時間都用到學習上并不健康,正如那句老話:只工作,不玩耍,聰明的孩子會變傻.
Any government which is blind to this point may pay a heavy price.
任何政府忽視這一點都將付出巨大的代價.
An increasing number of people are beginning to realize that education is not complete with graduation.
越來越多的人開始意識到教育不能隨著畢業(yè)而結(jié)束.
When it comes to education ,the majority of people believe that education is a lifetime study.
說到教育,大部分人認為其是一個終生的學習.
The majority of students believe that part-time job will provide them with more opportunities to develop their interpersonal skills ,which may put them in a favorable position in the future job markets.
大部分學生相信業(yè)余工作會使他們有更多機會發(fā)展人際交往能力,而這對他們未來找工作是非常有好處的.
It is indisputable that there are millions of people who still have a miserable life and have to fact the dangers of starvation and exposure.
無可爭辯,現(xiàn)在有成千上萬的人仍過著挨餓受冬的痛苦生活.
Although this view is widely held ,this is little evidence that education can be obtained at any age and at any place.
盡管這一觀點被廣泛接受,很少有證據(jù)表明教育能夠在任何地點任何年齡進行.
No one can deny the fact that a person’s education is the most important aspect of his life.
沒有人能否人這一事實:教育是人生最重要的一方面.
People equate success in life with the ability of operating computer .
人們把會使用計算機與人生成功相提并論.
句長錯落——語句的擴展
本文段落中的各個語句在長度上應該有一定變換，即所謂的長短句之說。短句給人以精煉強調(diào)之感，長句則給人以嚴謹深刻之感。一般說來，長句有兩種情況，一種是由于結(jié)構(gòu)復雜而形成的長句，多見于書面語；還有一種是由簡單句擴展而成以使語句表達得更加生動和清楚，主要出現(xiàn)在口語的表達中。
例如，有人曾請兩個人用英文表達同一內(nèi)容：“今有一物，不知其數(shù)，三三數(shù)之余二；五五數(shù)之余三；七七數(shù)之余二。問物幾何?”第一個人的英文表達很書面化：
We have a number of things which, counted by threes, leave two; by fives, leave three; and by sevens, leave two. Find the number.
第二個人的英文表達使用了比較長的語句：
We have things of which we do not know the number. If we countthem by threes, they leave a remainder of two. If we count them by fives, they leave a remainder of two. If we count them by sevens, they leave a re-mainder of two. How many things are there?
英文寫作不能一味地使用短句。段落中的短句過多，不僅使得段落顯得單調(diào)，而且使得段落非常零散、內(nèi)容淺薄。如果一旦發(fā)現(xiàn)段落中盡是寫短句的話，這時就需要將某些簡短的語句擴展成比較長的句子。語句的擴展主要是在語句的主干上增添修飾成分(如定語、狀語等)。
有些語句適宜用增添修飾成分的方法進行擴展，但增添修飾成分不應有斧鑿之痕，應該使原句更加感覺有血有肉。
1 )You should stop smoking now.
你現(xiàn)在應該戒煙了。
如要擴展此句，可以這樣進行：
"You should give up smoking now, for the sake of your own health, forthe sake of the health of others, for the sake of your family, and for the sake of the entire world. "
為了你自己的健康，為了他人的健康，為了你的家庭，也為了整個世界，你現(xiàn)在應該戒煙了。
2) Doctors think that an active person should have a restful hobby, while a person who sits at a desk should have a lively hobby.
醫(yī)生認為愛好活動的人應該有安靜型的業(yè)余愛好，而伏案工作的人應該有著活動型的業(yè)余愛好。
如要擴展此句，可以這樣來進行：
Doctors think that an active person, such as a baseball player or a swimmer, should have a restful hobby such as reading, collections of stamps, dolls, buttons or shells, etc. , while a person who sits at a desk all day, such as a teacher or a doctor should have a lively hobby such as ten-nis, golf, swimming or skating.
醫(yī)生認為，像棒球選手或游泳運動員這類愛好活動的人應該有安靜型的業(yè)余愛好，比如閱讀、收藏郵票、收藏布娃娃、收藏鈕扣、收藏貝殼等，而整日伏案工作的人如教師或醫(yī)生，就應該有打網(wǎng)球、打高爾夫球、游泳或者滑冰這類活動型的業(yè)余愛好。
3 )A child with a problem will probably go to his friends for sympathy.
一個碰到問題的孩子有可能到朋友那里尋求同情。
如要擴展此句，可以這樣來進行：
A child with a problem, then he feels what he will probably get from his parents is incomprehension or criticism, will go instead to his friends for sympathy and advice, leaving the parents totally unaware of the problem he has.
一個碰到問題的孩子，當他覺得他從他的父母那里得到的有可能是不理解或者批評的時候，就會去找他的朋友們尋求同情和建議，而其父母對其問題卻全然不知。
4) We can be informed of a lot by reading books.
通過閱讀書籍我們可以了解很多東西。
如要擴展此句，可以這樣來進行：
By reading scientific books, we can be informed of many facts; by reading geography, we know the earth' s surface, forms, physical features,ect.; by reading history, we are told of the growth of the nations.
通過閱讀科技書籍，我們可以了解許多事實。通過閱讀地理，我們知道了地球的表面、結(jié)構(gòu)和地貌特征等。通過閱讀歷史，我們了解到世界的發(fā)展過程。
5) We'd better to keep company with the true friends.
我們最好和對我們有幫助的朋友交往。
如要擴展此句，可以這樣進行：
As friends are both helpful and disastrous, it is better to keep company with the true friends who are helpful, encouraging and loyal, but to avoid those who are mean, stingy and treacherous.
由于既有有助于我們的朋友，也有有害于我們的朋友，因此我們最好和那些對我們有所幫助、有所鼓勵和忠實的真正朋友交往，而要避免和那些庸的、吝嗇的、奸詐的人交往。
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