英語(yǔ)專(zhuān)八考試聽(tīng)力題型輔導(dǎo)材料
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SECTION A MINI-LECTURE
In this section, you will hear a mini-lecture. You willhear the lecture ONCE ONLY. While listening, takenotes on the important points. Your notes will not bemarked, but you will need them to complete a gap-filling task after the mini-lecture. When the lecture isover, you'll be given two minutes to check yournotes, and another 10 minutes to complete thegap-filling task. Now listen to the mini-lecture.
Seven Types of Evidence Good morning. Today wewill talk about how to use evidence in writing. In much of your college writing, you will try topersuade your readers to see things your way. Without good evidence to support your ideas,you will hardly persuade anyone of anything. So today we'll look at seven kinds of evidencethat are widely used in argumentative writing.
The first type of evidence is expert testimony. An expert is someone who has special skill andknowledge based on careful study and wide experience in a certain area. More than that, anexpert has tested his or her skill and knowledge in a public forum. Once your opinion is firm,you can use expert testimony to support it. To use expert testimony wisely, you need to beboth respectful and critical. You will need to differentiate among three kinds of evidencethat experts provide: facts, informed opinions, and speculations. Generally, you can use factsand informed opinions, but must be cautious with speculations. This is because speculationsare just what one person thinks is plausible, so they should be treated as something thatcould be true.
The second type of evidence is statistics. Statistics are numerical data gathered and tabulatedto yield information. Whether they are raw data or translated into charts and figures, numbersare powerful evidence. If they are properly used, data can prove a claim rapidly andconclusively. When a survey shows that 95 per cent of senior students are satisfied with thecourses they have taken at a university, we can persuade readers that the university is a goodone. But you must be careful with numbers. Only when the data are valid, accurate and up todate can they really support your point. So when you want to use data, examine carefullybefore putting them down in your article.
Next comes the third evidence, examples. Every day you use examples as evidence for yourclaims. You might write to your parents, "Sorry I haven't written much but I've been very busy.I spent last week in the library, bent over the books studying for two midterms." In this case,you establish your claim and back it up with a specific example. Examples serve threepurposes. First, they clarify meaning. Your parents may not know exactly what you mean bybusy until you show them. Second, examples demonstrate why, at least in one instance, youare justified in making your claim. Studying for two midterms does sound like being busy.Third, examples make for entertaining reading. Abstractions are dry. Claiming that you arebusy isn't very interesting. But the image of you bent intently over a book probably pleasesyour parents, who may now forgive you for not writing.
The fourth type of evidence is personal experience. If we actually experience somethingdirectly, we don't need experts or statistics to back us up. Although we know that ourexperience is not totally reliable, we trust our senses and our ability to understand ourpersonal experience. And in some cases, our own experience can persuade readers to acceptour statement. In complex matters, however, be aware of jumping to conclusions based onlimited personal experience. Your experience may help to explain, but it cannot prove a moregeneral thesis. Knowing someone who cheats on her income tax does not prove that theproblem with income tax cheaters is pervasive. Even if you know five or ten or twentycheaters, all that proves is that you are unlucky in your acquaintances. For such a complexsubject, you need more than personal experience. You need statistics and expertinterpretation.
Analogy is the fifth type of evidence on our list. An analogy is a comparison of apparentlydissimilar things, and its purpose is to illuminate one thing by showing how it is like and notlike the other. If well used, an analogy can make an abstract, unfamiliar topic easy tounderstand. For example, if a writer wants to directly persuade readers that it is our workthat determines our social role, he would face a tough task. But analogy can help him out. Hereis his analogy: Human beings in a society are like the bees in a hive. Each person's identity isdetermined by his or her place in the overall system. Like drones,no one has any identity butthe work he or she does. And if one doesn't work, he will be kicked out of the society just like adrone out of the hive. However, analogies should be used with caution. To the extent thatanalogies make a point easy to see, they are evidence. But they don't prove the point —theycan never be sufficient evidence for a complex idea.
After analogy, let's look at the next type of evidence, known facts. When writing, you cansafely assume that you and your readers share a vast body of facts and beliefs. You don'tneed to point out Columbus arrived in America in 1492, or that China has a history as long as5,000 years. But these facts can be used as evidence in your writing.
The last type of evidence we usually use is logic and reasoning. In some cases, we use thembecause we can't find any other factual evidence. And in some cases where we can findfactual evidence, reasoning can make our argument more persuasive. People in Chinabelieve that good argument should appeal to both sense and sensibility, which means thatboth factual evidence and reasoning are necessary. OK, these are the seven types ofevidence.
Before we end today's lecture, I would talk about three criteria for good evidence. First, goodevidence should be relevant. It should speak directly to the point. You should selectparticular evidence because it supports the point, not because it is novel or comic. Second,good evidence should be representative. It should represent its source or the situation itdescribes. Last, good evidence should be accurate. It is the writer's duty to ensure theaccuracy of the evidence. In order to do this, you must check the evidence carefully, andpresent it in your writing carefully.
Well, with that, we will end today's lecture. We hope that you now understand evidencebetter, and we look forward to seeing well-supported articles from you in the future.
ection B INTERVIEW
In this section, you will hear everything ONCE ONLY.Listen carefully and then answer the questions thatfollow. Questions 1 to 5 are based on an interview.At the end of the interview, you will be given 10seconds to answer each of the following 5 questions.Now listen to the interview.
M: Welcome to our show. Today we're going todiscuss some important questions about women andinheritance. For example, what happens to a womanwhen her husband dies, and who becomes therightful owner of his property? Is there anything a woman can do to ensure that she receivesthe property? To help us answer these and other questions, we've invited a lawyer, Mrs.Elizabeth Mutwa, to join us. Welcome to the show Mrs. Mutwa.
W: Thank you. It's a pleasure to be here.
M: Mrs. Mutwa, let me start by asking you this. What are some of the concerns you have aboutwomen and the inheritance laws that affect them?
W: Every day I meet women whose husbands are dying. These women are afraid that they aregoing to lose everything —their home, their land, their livestock... and they believe there isnothing they can do about it. That is a terrible, desperate feeling.
M: Yes, to feel that you are going to lose everything is terrifying.
W: Of course it is. And I'm sorry to say that often a woman does lose everything —because theproperty is taken by her husband's relatives. We call this property grabbing.
M: Is there any way to prevent property grabbing and return property to the woman?
W: Yes. Women have legal rights to land and other properties. But unfortunately, mostwomen don't know this. So they don't take any action.
M: You mean women think that the law is against them —so they don't challenge it?
W: That's right. But again, I want to make this very clear. The law is not against women.Women have rights to keep property —they just don't know it!
M: So, it's important for women to understand what rights they have, and how the law works.
W: Exactly. Once they know the laws, they can take steps to make sure that they keep theirhome and their land.
M: Okay, so I guess that when women come to you for help, this is one of the things yourecommend —learn about the local laws. What else can a woman do?
W: I always recommend that a woman do three things. Firs
t:Discuss the importance of making a will with your husband. Encourage him to make a will inthe presence of witnesses. Number tw
o: Find out if it is possible to register the home where you live with your husband. If you can,you will remain the owner of the land and house after your husband's death. Number thre
e: Get legal advice from a lawyer, a paralegal or a local organization that offers this type ofassistance. They can help you understand your rights and the law.
M: Mrs. Mutwa, I think the advice that you've offered here on the program will help manywomen. Do you think that this kind of property grabbing will definitely affect women's livesafter their husbands' death?
W: Definitely. Some of the women hope that the inheritance given by their husbands would helpthem out. Well, as a matter of fact, however, the fact proves that they always lose their thingsleft by their husbands as their husbands' relatives always ask her to divide the things withthem. The relatives put forward that property and asset in her family are mostly produced bythe husband. And so the wife should not take all of them away. The women have no idea aboutwhat she deserves, some of them even take it for granted that the property should bereturned to the husband's family. This is the essence of the problem. I hope that womenshould have this kind of awareness that they should go to seek for help from someprofessional lawyers.
M: Thank you for joining us today.
W: You're most welcome.
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