英語(yǔ)閱讀理解長(zhǎng)難句的處理技巧
一個(gè)英語(yǔ)句子之所以難以理解，有許多原因，其中一個(gè)主要原因是句子太長(zhǎng)或者句子結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜。句子過(guò)長(zhǎng)或者復(fù)雜無(wú)非是該句除了主干之外還包含了一些附加部分，如插入語(yǔ)、同位語(yǔ)、分隔現(xiàn)象、各種從句或較長(zhǎng)的非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)等等。這些附屬成分常有逗號(hào)或分隔符號(hào)與句子隔開(kāi)，且插在一個(gè)句子中間，使本來(lái)完整的句子被斷開(kāi)，因而增加句意理解的難度。分析長(zhǎng)難句的基本方法是：首先，判斷該句是簡(jiǎn)單句、并列句還是復(fù)合句;然后，找出句子的核心成分，分清主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)，再分清句子附屬成分。下面我們來(lái)談?wù)剮追N長(zhǎng)難句的處理技巧。
一、處理長(zhǎng)難句的原則方法
如果待處理的長(zhǎng)難句為一個(gè)復(fù)雜的單句，可這樣處理：跳讀修飾成分，迅速找出主謂結(jié)構(gòu)。這樣一來(lái)，我們便可以將長(zhǎng)句化為短句，將難句化為易句。具體步驟是：先跳讀修飾成分或附加成分，找出句子的主干并理解其意義;然后再分段理解修飾成分或附加成分。
如果待處理的長(zhǎng)難句為一個(gè)復(fù)雜的并列句，可這樣處理：先找出其中的并列連詞，然后再根據(jù)并列連詞的意思理清句子前后是順連關(guān)系還是反連關(guān)系，是因果關(guān)系還是轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系等，最后再根據(jù)不同的語(yǔ)境關(guān)系正確理解句意。
如果待處理的長(zhǎng)難句為一個(gè)復(fù)雜的主從復(fù)合句，可這樣處理：先分清主句與從句，然后弄清從句的性質(zhì)，即弄清它是什么從句。
如果待處理的長(zhǎng)難句為一個(gè)復(fù)雜的主從復(fù)合句，可這樣處理：先分清主句與從句，然后弄清名詞性從句，還是狀語(yǔ)從句，或是定語(yǔ)從句。注意，弄清從句性質(zhì)對(duì)于理解復(fù)合句的意思至關(guān)重要。
另外，有一點(diǎn)要提醒同學(xué)們，在處理長(zhǎng)難句時(shí)，如果既能正確理解句意，又能將其準(zhǔn)確地譯成中文，那是最好了。但是，對(duì)于有些長(zhǎng)難句，要在較短時(shí)間內(nèi)(如在參加考試時(shí))將其譯成中文比較困難，此時(shí)只要能正確理解其意思就行了，如果硬要勉為其難地譯成中文，不僅會(huì)浪費(fèi)時(shí)間，而且在許多情況也沒(méi)有必要。
二、經(jīng)典高考真題實(shí)例分析
下面這篇文章共有194個(gè)單詞，卻只有9個(gè)句子，平均每個(gè)句子大約有22個(gè)單詞，是近幾年高考英語(yǔ)閱讀理解中一篇比較典型的集中含有長(zhǎng)難句的文章。
A 38-square-mile island, is the farthest inhabited island in the world, according to the Guinness Book of Records. It is 1,510 miles southwest of its nearest neighbor St. Helena, and 1,950 miles west of Africa. Discovered by the Portuguese admiral(葡萄牙海軍上將) of the same name in 1506, and settled in 1810, the island belongs to Great Britain and has a population of a few hundred.Coming in a close second——and often wrongly mentioned as the most distant island——is Easter Island, which lies 1,260 miles east of its nearest neighbour, Pitcairn Island, and 2,300 miles west of South America.The mountainous 64-square-mile island was settled around the 5th century, supposedly by people who were lost at sea. They had no connection with the outside world for more than a thousand years, giving them plenty of time to build more than 1,000 huge stone figures, called moai, for which the island is most famous.On Easter Sunday, 1722, however, settlers from Holland moved in and gave the island its name. Today, 2,000 people live on the Chilean territory(智利領(lǐng)土). They share one street, a small airport and a few hours of television per day.
【解題分析】
1. 跳讀插入語(yǔ)：請(qǐng)看文章第一段的第一句。第一步跳過(guò)插入語(yǔ)找出句子主干：Tristan da Cunha is the farthest inhabited island in the world (Tristan da Cunha 是世界上無(wú)人居住的最偏僻的島嶼);第二步理解附加的插入語(yǔ)部分：a 38-square-mile island(該島面積為38平方英里，而且這是吉尼斯記錄之一)，這樣該句話的意思就弄明白了。
2. 跳讀非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)：我們來(lái)看第一段第三句。首先跳過(guò)前面的非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)，找出主干：the island belongs to Great Britain and has a population of a few hundred (該島是英國(guó)領(lǐng)土，人口大約幾千)。然后再來(lái)理解前面的非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)：Discovered by the Portuguese admiral of the same name in 1506, and settled in 1810(這個(gè)島嶼是在1506年被一個(gè)名叫Tristan da Cunha的葡萄牙海軍上將發(fā)現(xiàn)的，Tristan da Cunha1810年開(kāi)始有人居住)。通過(guò)這樣分解難度，我們讀得輕松，理解得準(zhǔn)確。
3. 跳讀分隔現(xiàn)象：請(qǐng)看文章第二段，這一段有35個(gè)單詞，卻只有一句話。因?yàn)樵摱渭劝朔指衄F(xiàn)象，又包含了定語(yǔ)從句，又有一個(gè)同位語(yǔ)，而且該句還是一個(gè)倒裝句。如果從前到后按照順序來(lái)理解，未免有點(diǎn)繁雜，抓不住重點(diǎn)。所以首先要跳過(guò)兩個(gè)分隔符號(hào)之間的內(nèi)容，同時(shí)也要暫時(shí)擱置后面的非限制性定語(yǔ)從句，找出主干并把主干重新倒置過(guò)來(lái)變成正常語(yǔ)序：Easter Island is coming in a close second(Easter Island is coming in a close secondEaster Island是緊跟第二的最偏僻的島嶼);然后再理解分隔符號(hào)之間的內(nèi)容和后面的定語(yǔ)從句等附加成分：Easter Island 常常被誤認(rèn)為是最偏僻的島嶼，它在最臨近的島嶼(Pitcairn Island)東面1,260英里，在南美西面2,300英里。
4. 跳讀定語(yǔ)從句：定語(yǔ)從句在閱讀理解中是很常見(jiàn)的，有限制性和非限制性兩種。限制性定語(yǔ)從句用來(lái)限定所修飾的詞，與之關(guān)系非常密切，閱讀時(shí)要特別注意兩者的密切聯(lián)系，跳過(guò)限制性定語(yǔ)從句找到主句后要馬上回頭理解它的含義，確定它與先行詞的修飾關(guān)系。如文章第三段的第一個(gè)句子里就有一個(gè)限制性定語(yǔ)從句：who were lost at sea. 閱讀時(shí)一定要注意它與people的密切聯(lián)系：不是別人而是在大海里迷路的人五世紀(jì)左右在那里定居。而非限制性定語(yǔ)從句與所修飾的詞關(guān)系不是很密切，主要起補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明作用，它可能出現(xiàn)在主句中間，也可能出現(xiàn)在句尾。如果它出現(xiàn)在句中，閱讀時(shí)可以跳過(guò)去然后再來(lái)理解，也可以一起順便讀過(guò)去。如果非限制性定語(yǔ)從句出現(xiàn)在句尾，那閱讀時(shí)很方便，看完主句后附帶著看一下就可以了，因?yàn)樗皇菍?duì)先行詞的補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明。如這一段的最后一句：for which the island is most famous. 看完主句我們得知該島與外界隔絕了一千多年，使得島上的人們有充足的時(shí)間來(lái)修建一千多具巨大的石雕。然后再附帶得知該島以這些石雕而聞名。
三、針對(duì)性訓(xùn)練題
以下段落均選自近幾年的高考英語(yǔ)閱讀理解文章，均有一定難度，請(qǐng)你用以上方法試一試：
1. Decision thinking is not unlike poker — it often matters not only what you think, but also what others think you think and what you think they think you think. (NMET2000. C 篇)
2. Dad, in a hurry to get home before dark so he could go for a run, had forgotten to wear his safety belt—a mistake 75% of the US population make every day.(NMET1999. D篇)
3. First put forward by the French mathematician Pierre de Format in the seventeenth century, the theorem had baffled and beaten the finest mathematical minds, including a French woman scientist who made a major advance in working out the problem, and who had to dress like a man in order to be able to study at the Ecolab poly technique.(NMET2003.C篇)
4. It is difficult to measure the quantity of paper used as a result of use of Internet-connected computers, although just about anyone who works in an office can tell you that when e-mail is introduced, the printers start working overtime. That is, the growing demand for paper in recent years is largely due to the increased use of the Internet.(NMET2003.E篇)
5. Whereas a woman’s closest female friend might be the first to tell her to leave a failing marriage, it wasn’t unusual to hear a man say he didn’t know his friend’s marriage was in serious trouble until he appeared one night asking if he could sleep on the sofa.(NMET2001. E篇)
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