2017托福聽(tīng)力試題兩篇
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Part One
uestion 21-30
There were two widely divergent influences on the early development of statistical methods. Statistics had a mother who was dedicated to keeping orderly records of governmental units (state and statistics come from the same Latin root, status) and a gentlemanly gambling father who relied on mathematics to increase his skill at playing the odds in games of chance. The influence of the mother on the offspring, statistics, is represented by counting, measuring, describing, tabulating, ordering. and the taking of censuses —— all of which led to modern descriptive statistics. From the influence of the father came modern inferential statistics, which is based squarely on theories of probability.
Descriptive statistics involves tabulating, depicting, and describing collections of data. These data may be quantitative, such as measures of height, intelligence, or grade level - variables that are characterized by an underlying continuum - orthe data may represent qualitative variables, such as sex, college major, or personality type. Large masses of data must generally undergo a process of summarization or reduction before they are comprehensible. Descriptive statistics is a tool for describing or summarizing or reducing to comprehensible form the properties of an otherwise unwieldy mass or data. Inferential statistics is a formalized body of methods for solving another class of problems that present great difficulties for the unaided human mind. This general class of problems characteristically involves attempts to make predictions using a sample of observations. For example, a school superintendent wishes to determine the proportion of children in a large school system who come to school without breakfast, have been vaccinated for flu, or whatever. Having a little knowledge of statistics, the superintendent would know that it is unnecessary and inefficient to question each child; the proportion for the entire district could be estimated fairly accurately from a sample of as few as l00 children. Thus, the purpose of inferential statistics is to predict or estimate characteristics of a population from a knowledge of the characteristics of only a sample of the population.
21. With what is the passage mainly concerned ?
(A) The drawbacks of descriptive and inferential statistics
(B) Applications of inferential statistics
(C) The development and use of statistics
(D) How to use descriptive statistics
22. The word "divergent" in line 1 is closest in meaning to
(A) different
(B) distributed
(C) recorded
(D) prominent
23. According to the first paragraph, counting and census-taking arc associated with
(A) inferential statistics
(B) descriptive statistics
(C) unknown variables
(D) qualitative changes
24. Why does the author mention the "mother" and "father" in the first paragraph?
(A) To point out that parents can teach their children statistics
(B) To introduce inferential statistic
(C) To explain that there are different kinds of variables
(D) To present the background of statistics in a humorous and understandable way
25. The word "squarely" in line 8 could best be replaced by
(A) solidly
(B) geometrically
(C) rectangularly
(D) haphazrardly
26. Which of the following is NOT given an example of a qualitative variable?
(A) Gender
(B) Height
(C) College major
(D) Type of personality
27. The word "they" in line 13 refers to
(A) variables
(B) masses
(C) descriptive statistics
(D) properties
28. Which of the following statements about descriptive statistics is best supported by the
passage?
(A) It reduces large amounts of data to a more comprehensible form.
(B) It is based on probability.
(C) It can be used by people with little knowledge of mathematics.
(D) It measures only qualitative differences.
29. The word "unwieldy" in line 15 is closest in meaning to
(A) unmanageable
(B) unpredictable
(C) understandable
(D) unreliable
30. According to the passage, what is the purpose of examining a sample of a population?
(A) To compare different groups
(B) To predict characteristics of the entire population
(C) To detect differences not observable in the whole population
(D) To compile more accurate data
Part Two
Questions 31-40
Glacier National park in Montana shares boundaries with Canada, an American Indian reservation, and a national forest. Along the North Fork of the Flathead River, the park also borders about 17,000 acres of private lands that are currently used for ranching, timber, and agriculture. This land is an important part of the habitat and migratory routes for several endangered species that frequent the park. These private lands are essentially the only ones available for development in the region.
With encouragement from the park, local landowners initiated a land-use planning effort to guide the future of the North Fork. The park is a partner in an interlocal agreement that calls for resource-managing agencies to work together and with the more than 400 private owners in the area. A draft plan has been prepared, with the objective of maintaining traditional economic uses but limiting new development that would damage park resources. Voluntary action by landowners, in cooperation with the park and the county, is helping to restrict small-lot subdivisions, maintain wildlife corridors, and minimize any harmful impact on the environment.
The willingness of local landowners to participate in this protection effort may have been stimulated by concerns that Congress would impose a legislative solution.
Nevertheless, many local residents want to retain the existing character of the area.
Meetings between park officials and landowners have led to a dramatically improved understanding of all concerns.
31. The passage mainly discusses
(A) the endangered species in Glacier National Park
(B) the protection of lands surrounding Glacier National Park
(C) conservation laws imposed by the state of Montana
(D) conservation laws imposed by Congress
32. Why are the private lands surrounding Glacier National Park so important?
(A) They function as a hunting preserve.
(B) They are restricted to government use.
(C) They are heavily populated.
(D) They contain natural habitats of threatened species.
33. The word "ones" in line 6 refers to
(A) private lands
(B) endangered species
(C) migratory routes
(D) ranching, timber, agriculture
34. The word "initiated" in line 7 is closest in meaning to
(A) started
(B) requested
(C) purchased
(D) considered
35. The relationship between park officials and neighboring landowners may best be
described as
(A) indifferent
(B) intimate
(C) cooperative
(D) disappointing
36. It can be inferred from the passage that a major interest of the officials of Glacier
National Park is to
(A) limit land development around the park
(B) establish a new Park in Montana
(C) influence national legislation
(D) settle border disputes with Canada
37. In lines 15-16, the author implies that landowners might be responding to environmental
concerns for which of the following reasons?
(A) They wish to stimulate economic growth.
(B) They wish to improve their public image.
(C) They have a tradition of cooperating with the government.
(D) They fear federal legislation.
38. The word "stimulated" in line 16 is closest in meaning to
(A) motivated
(B) anticipated
(C) substituted
(D) undermined
39. The word "retain" in line 17 is closest in meaning to
(A) preserve
(B) possess
(C) enjoy
(D) improve
40. Where in the passage does the author mention the purpose of the plan developed
by local landowners and park officials?
(A) Lines 1-2
(B) Lines 4-6
(C) Lines 10-14
(D) Lines 15-17
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