英語醫學科研論文的格式和要求

時間：2024-09-01 13:49:55 論文格式

英語醫學科研論文的格式和要求

　　I.格式

英語醫學科研論文的格式和要求

　　The International Committee of Medical Journal Editors, ICMJE)

　　(The Uniform Requirements for Manuscripts Submitted to Biomedical Journals, 5th Ed., 1997，URMSBJ)(國際——溫哥華格式1979年創建, 2006年2月最新版http://www.icmje.org)*, 一篇生物醫學科研論文(以下簡稱"論文")應包括以下12個部分：

　　1.Title　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 7. Acknowledgements

　　2.Abstract 　　　　　　　　　　　　 8. References

　　3.Introduction　　　　　　　　　　　 9. Legends

　　4.Materials and Methods　　 10. Figures

　　5.Results　　　　　　　　　　　　　 11. Tables

　　6.Discussion　　　　　　　　　　　 12. Plates and Explanations

　　II.要求

　　1.標題

　　A. 標題的要求

　　Titles are to be written to be understood by those in your field, telling them exactly what you have done in your work.(告訴你的同行確切研究了什么)

　　(America)Journal of the National Cancer Institute: within 14 words.

　　The British Journal of Cancer: within 100 letters

　　China journals: Chinese within 20 words; English within 10 lexical words

　　要求：

　　(1) Short and concise(簡明扼要)：Write in one line (not a sentence); not containing an active verb; not exceeding 25 words or 120-140 letters and spaces; no abbreviations or chemical symbols except those that are generally accepted, e.g. DNA, RNA, AIDS, CT, etc.; 中文標題常見的“試論”，“淺談”，“初探”等詞在英文標題中一般不用。我國的國家標準(GB-7713-87)要求將一般英文標題的實詞控制在10個詞以內。例：Association between Duration of Obesity and Risk of Non-insulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus 肥胖期與非依賴胰島素糖尿病之關系

　　(2)Informative(信息豐富)：State exactly what you want the reader to know about your paper and your work;

　　(3)Indexing(便于索引)：Pack as many key words or indexing terms as possible into the title without overloading it; key words not in the title will be in the abstract or can go in the "Key Words" section of the paper; key words are usually in the beginning or ending place of the title. 標題是讀者檢索文獻的重要標識，是著錄題錄和索引等第二次文獻的重要內容。標題中所選每一個實詞必須是正確通用的術語，能提供文獻檢索，盡量包含關鍵詞。要求盡量把關鍵詞(索引詞)安排在標題最前面或最后面的位置上

　　(4)Highlighting the head word. (突出中心詞): 每條標題都有中心詞，它們是能高度概括論文中心內容和主題的單詞，要將其放在最顯著突出的位置。中心詞的內容一般是研究方法，研究對象，研究目的或效果，一般為名詞，名詞短語，分詞短語或動名詞短語。

　　例：Knowledge-based Technology in the Service of Health 論衛生事業中的知識技術

　　Cognitive Impairment and Intracranial Calcification in Chronic Hyparathyroidism 鑒別力受損與顱內鈣化——甲狀旁腺功能逐漸減退

　　美國醫學寫作協會(American Medical Writers Association)醫學論文寫作要領中對于標題的說明是：

　　1、Introduce the article into the scientific literature

　　2、Most important part of the article: the part most often read and often the only part read

　　3、Keep precise and brief( 85-character limit is typical)

　　4、Must stand alone: no abbreviations

　　5、Avoid: “declarative” or “headline” titles; “ Our Experience” titles; asking rhetorical questions in titles:

　　So start with : Effect of[explanatory variable(s) ]on [ response variable] under[conditions]”

　　6. 不同的醫學期刊對標題的書寫規則要求不同，一般有兩種形式：

　　1). Post-transfusion hepatitis: A report of 60 cases

　　2). A Successful Operation on a Pair of Female Twins With Conjoined Liver

　　標題中冠詞的用法:

　　1). (The) Treatment of gram-negative shock

　　2). Carcinoma of the anal canal

　　Running title

　　B. 標題的結構

　　標題的結構一般都用名詞作主干的名詞短語型，這類標題結構中作為主干詞的名詞一般帶有動詞意義，有時也用完整句，以陳述句較多，偶爾也用疑問句。例：

　　Resolution of Adult Respiratory Distress Syndrome after Recovery from Fulminant Hepatic Failure 治療成年人突發性肝衰竭康復后呼吸窘迫綜合癥

　　Using a Title Table to Evaluate Syncope 列表診斷暈厥

　　表示診斷，治療方式或藥物治療的標題結構

　　這類標題中的diagnosis, treatment, therapy 等作主干的名詞都帶有動詞意義，后跟for, in, to, with 等引導的介詞短語引出病名或接受診治的部位及所使用的藥物。例：

　　Adjunctive Therapy with Aspirin in Vernal Conjunctivitis 用阿司匹林輔助治療春季結膜炎

　　Basic Approach in the Management of Intraocular Foreign Bodies 眼內異物的基本處理方法

　　(藥物)治療：A治療B(A=name of the medicine; B= name of the disease)

　　A in the treatment/management of B;

　　treatment of B with A;

　　use of A in the treatment of B;

　　A therapy/treatment of B;

　　A in /for B

　　Clonidine in the treatment of hypertension

　　Use of steroid in the treatment of clinical septic shock

　　(非藥物)治療：A治療B(A=method of treatment; B= name of the disease)

　　A for/in B

　　A in the treatment of B

　　Treatment of B by A

　　Parathyroidectomy for chronic renal failure

　　Partial left ventriculectomy in the treatment of end-stage dilated cardiomyopathy

　　Treatment of psoriasis by hemodialysis

　　診斷：A診斷 B( A =method of diagnosis; B= name of the disease)

　　A in B

　　A in the diagnosis of B

　　Assay/detection of A in B

　　Diagnosis of B by/with A

　　Detection of B by A

　　Application of A to the diagnosis of B

　　Ultrasonography in the diagnosis of gallstones

　　Assay of creation kinase isoenzymes in heart disease

　　表示研究，分析，實驗調查，觀察，評估等的標題結構

　　探討： discussion of /on,

　　an approach to;

　　a probe into;

　　investigation of;

　　on Sudden cardiac death: Clinicopathologic investigation of 51 cases

　　An approach to diagnosis of subclinical liver cancer

　　觀察(報告，結果)：an observation/observations of /on/in

　　Clinical observation on 342 cases with allergic rhinitis

　　Levels of plasma calcium and red cell calcium in newborns with multi-organ damage after asphyxia (“觀察” 一詞略)

　　調查： survey of/on, 實驗：test/trial

　　Survey of 38 cases of parathyroidectomy in chronic renal failure

　　研究/分析: study/studies(analysis) of /on /in (by 方法 / with工具)…

　　Wilson’s disease: A clinical and pathological study of 10 cases

　　Platelet function studies in heart disease

　　評估(鑒定)：

　　assessment/evaluation/estimation/appraisal/calculation/valuation/appreciation of

　　Assessment of Liver Function

　　Presurgical Evaluation of Eyes with Opaque Media

　　表示關系，相關，比較，對照等的標題結構

　　這類標題結構一般用 (the) correlation, relationship, association, comparison, contrast等詞為主體詞干，加of…and, of…with, of…with…and, between…and 等表示范圍，比較對象等。

　　例：Correlation of Histology and Sensibility after Nerve Repair

　　神經修補后組織結構與感官能力間的關系

　　A Comparison of Digoxin and Dobutamine in Patients with Acute Infarction and Cardiac Failure 用DIGOXIN 和DOBUTAMINE治療急性梗塞和心衰之比較

　　常用修飾詞: positively (正) / negatively (負) / significantly (明顯) / insignificantly (不明顯) / strongly (很大) / little (很小)

　　e.g. Positive correlation of CD44v6 expression with invasion and metastasis of human gastric cancer

　　表示技術，使用，特點，結果，方法，模式，證據，測定，介紹等的標題結構

　　這類標題結構一般用(A或The)technique, use, properties, characteristics, introduction, method, result, evidence, essay 等詞，加for, in, to, in or doing sth.等介詞引導的短語，或帶to不定式短語，表示方面，范圍，類型等。例：

　　Use of sulphamethizole in the treatment of urinary tract infection in the elderly

　　用磺胺甲噻二治療老年泌尿道感染

　　Biological Properties of the Human Colonic Adenocarcinoma Cell Lines SW620

　　結腸腺癌細胞系SW620 的生物特征

　　4) 標題中分詞短語的用法

　　醫學英語論文中分詞短語一般作定語，大多放在被修飾詞的后面，必要時與名詞一起構成復合分詞作定語。例：

　　Analysis of Surface Protein of Mouse Lung Carcinoma Using Monolconal Antibiotics

　　分析使用單克隆抗生素的鼠肺癌表面蛋白

　　副標題 (subtitle)

　　副標題是對主標題的補充和說明，或突出論文某方面的內容。它通常放在正標題之后或之下，體現論文研究的范圍或角度。

　　(1) 突出病例數

　　Original : A retrospective study of 176 consecutive cases of abdominal pain in the emergency room.

　　Revised: Abdominal pain in the emergency room: Retrospective study of 176 consecutive cases

　　(2) 突出研究重點和內容

　　Original: The chest X-ray appearance and its clinical significance on aorto-arteritis

　　Revised: Aorto-arteritis : Chest X-ray appearance and its clinical significance

　　(3) 突出研究方法和性質

　　Original: A follow-up study on diabetes after infectious hepatitis

　　Revised: Diabetes after infectious hepatitis: A follow-up study

　　(4) 突出治療作用

　　Prazodine: A new vasodilator used for treatment of hypertension

　　(5) 提出疑問或選擇

　　Original: Is chronic abdominal pain a surgical or psychiatric symptom?

　　Revised: Chronic abdominal pain: A surgical or psychiatric symptom?

　　(6) 表示長篇連載論文各分篇的主題

　　Physical and chemical studies of human blood serum : A study of 29 cases of nephritis

　　Physical and chemical studies of human blood serum: A study of miscellaneous disease conditions

　　(7) 說明研究時間

　　Original: One year clinical experience with endoscopic varicose sclerosis

　　Revised: Endoscopic varicose sclerosis: One year clinical experience

　　C.標題頁

　　根據URMSBJ要求，論文標題及有關著錄內容應單獨雙行打印，稱為"標題頁"(Title page)，其內容包括：

　　1. 標題 (the title of the article);

　　2. 所有作者的姓名及其最高學位、所屬單位(the name by which each author is known, with his or her highest academic degree(s) and institutional affiliation);

　　常見的順序：標題、作者姓名、學位和工作單位

　　標題：　Parathyroidectomy for Chronic Renal Failure

　　作者： William C. Robert, MD, FRCP

　　單位： Cardiovascular-pulmonary Research Laboratory, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Cambridge

　　在醫學期刊中，作者還可以將自己的姓名、地址、郵編、E-mail置于標題頁下方的腳注中，以便于聯系。

　　Correspondence to : Dr. Xu Qingbao, Department of Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China

　　有的國外醫學期刊，作者姓名之后附有學位，有的甚至幾個學位：

　　Peter C. Burger, MD

　　Roger R. Dozois, MD, PHD

　　還可附學銜、職稱，以及在國際上享有較高聲譽的某學會會員的縮寫詞。

　　Joseph L. Gerry, MD, FRCP, Professor of Cardioangiology

　　1). 工作單位的排列順序：

　　(1).Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of Texas Medical School, Houston, Texas, U.S. A.

　　(2).University of Chicago, Department of Surgery

　　(3).Department of Medicine, division of digestive Diseases, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi

　　北京大學醫學院病理學教研室

　　Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Beijing University, Beijing, China

　　2).工作單位的編排位置

　　(1) 英美

　　a. Joel J.Roslyn MD(Joel J. Roslyn 醫學博士)

　　Department of Surgery, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90024 (90024 加州洛杉磯市加里福尼亞大學外科)

　　b. From the Department of Radiology Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114

　　(2) 國內

　　a. Zhang Qiuping, Deng Tao, Qu Xueju, et al.

　　Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China

　　b.《中華醫學雜志》

　　中文版：

　　XIA Jiahui, He Yungui, ZENG Zhihong et al. Natinal Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Hunan Medical University, Changsha 410078, China

　　英文版：

　　National Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Hunan Medical University, Changsha 410078, China (Sia JH, He YG, Zeng Zh, et al.)

　　c. 作者來自不同單位，將工作單位分別排在作者姓名之下：

　　Zhang Yonghe

　　Lanzhou Institute of Biologic Products, Lanzhou (蘭州生物制品研究所)

　　d. 作者來自不同單位的另一表達方式：

　　Wang Qinan1, Liu Jibai2, Liu Yuehan2, Chen Rongxin2, Qin Zhongda and Qu Zhenqi2

　　1Department of Infectious Diseases, Chongqing Medical College

　　2Sichuan Institute of Parasitic Diseases, School of Medicine, Sichuan University

　　3. 研究工作的歸屬部門或單位名稱(the name of the department(s) and institution(s) to which the work should be attributed);

　　4. 棄權者(若有)(disclaimers, if any);

　　5. 負責通訊和校稿作者的姓名能夠和詳細地址(the name and address of the author responsible for correspondence and proof about the manuscript);

　　6. 申請副本聯系人姓名和地址(the name and address of the author to whom requests for reprints should be addressed);

　　7. 資助、設備、藥品來源(sources of support in the form of grants, equipment, drugs, or all of these);

　　8. 不超過40個字母(包括間隔)的頁眉標題(a short running head of no more than 40 letters and spaces at the foot of the title page);

　　頁眉標題：

　　angina pectoris [原標題Unstable angina pectoris: Clinical, angiographic and myocardial scintigraphic observations] 對不穩定心絞痛的臨床，血管造影和心肌閃爍法觀察

　　Ethnic diversity in China [ 原標題 Combining genetics and population history in the study of ethnic diversity in the People’s Republic of China]

　　III. Exercise 修改以下標題

　　(1)視網膜小血管變化是冠狀動脈疾病的一個指標

　　(2) 用大劑量氨甲喋呤治療急性淋巴細胞白血病的初步體會

　　(3) 關于飲食中鉀含量與血壓關系的研究

　　(4)對急癥室連續170例腹痛病例的回顧性研究

　　(5)用磁共振成象術對正常懷孕期間垂體增大進行活體內研究

　　(6)軍隊衛生防疫工作中出現的問題、原因與對策的初探

　　(7) 解釋性用詞時，如：一例系統性紅斑狼瘡出現胰腺炎病例報告及文獻綜述

　　(8)聽診器是潛在的醫院感染源嗎?

　　Translations:

　　(1)視網膜小血管變化是冠狀動脈疾病的一個指標

　　Retinal arteriolar changes are an indicator of coronary artery disease

　　(2) 用大劑量氨甲喋呤治療急性淋巴細胞白血病的初步體會

　　Preliminary experience in using high dose of methotrexate to treat ALL

　　(3) 關于飲食中鉀含量與血壓關系的研究

　　A research of the relationship between the content of potassium in diet and blood pressure

　　副標題(subtitle)處理

　　(4)病例數時，如：對急癥室連續170例腹痛病例的回顧性研究

　　Original: A retrospective study on 170 consecutive cases of abdominal pain in the emergency room

　　(5)：用磁共振成象術對正常懷孕期間垂體增大進行活體內研究

　　Original: Use MRI to conduct an in vivo study on the enlargement of the pituitary gland during normal pregnancy

　　(6)軍隊衛生防疫工作中出現的問題、原因與對策的初探

　　Original: A preliminary study on the problems, causes and countermeasures in health and epidemic prevention work of CPLA

　　(7)一例系統性紅斑狼瘡出現胰腺炎病例報告及文獻綜述

　　Original: A case report of SLE appearing pancreatitis and review of literatures

　　(8)聽診器是潛在的醫院感染源嗎?

　　Original: Is stethoscope a potential source of nosocomial infection?

　　III. Exercise 修改后標題

　　(1)視網膜小血管變化是冠狀動脈疾病的一個指標

　　Original: Retinal arteriolar changes are an indicator of coronary artery disease

　　問題：標題中應盡量避免使用活用動詞 (active verb), 即謂語動詞，一般采用名詞短語型結構。

　　Revised: Retinal arteriolar changes as an indicator of coronary artery disease

　　(2) 用大劑量氨甲喋呤治療急性淋巴細胞白血病的初步體會

　　Original: Preliminary experience in using high dose of methotrexate to treat ALL

　　問題：1) 應盡量避免使用"初步體會"，"初步研究"，"初步經驗"之類沒有實際意義的詞; 2) 除了像AIDS, DNA等已通用的縮略語外，標題中應盡量避免使用縮略語，如ALL應寫全稱;3)盡量避免使用動詞

　　Revised: High dose methotrexate therapy in acute lymphocytic leukemia

　　或：Use of high dose methotrexate in (the) treatment of acute lymphocytic leukemia

　　(3)關于飲食中鉀含量與血壓關系的研究

　　Original: A research of the relationship between the content of potassium in diet and blood pressure

　　問題：1)具體的研究一般用study表述 (research一般作不可數名詞處理，如much research has been done on…);標題中如果"研究"一詞前沒有限定詞，一般都省略，比較：A prospective clinical study of isoniazid-refampicin-pyrazinamide-induced liver injury in an area endemic for hepatitis;2)表述過于繁瑣 Revised: Dietary potassium and blood pressure

　　為了滿足標題寫作的上述，有時對較長標題可采用副標題(subtitle)處理，如出現：

　　(4)病例數時，如：對急癥室連續170例腹痛病例的回顧性研究

　　Original: A retrospective study on 170 consecutive cases of abdominal pain in the emergency room

　　問題：關鍵詞不突出

　　Revised: Abdominal pain in the emergency room: Retrospective study of 170 consecutive cases

　　(5) 研究性質/方法時，如：用磁共振成象術對正常懷孕期間垂體增大進行活體內研究

　　Original: Use MRI to conduct an in vivo study on the enlargement of the pituitary gland during normal pregnancy

　　問題：1)關鍵詞不突出;2)過多使用了動詞

　　Revised: Pituitary gland growth during normal pregnancy: An in vivo study using magnetic resonance imaging

　　(6) 并列結構時，如：軍隊衛生防疫工作中出現的問題、原因與對策的初探

　　Original: A preliminary study on the problems, causes and countermeasures in health and epidemic prevention work of CPLA

　　問題：(1)"初探"是多余的;(2)外國人知道CPLA嗎?(3)主題不夠突出

　　Revised: Military health and epidemic prevention: Problems, causes and countermeasures

　　(7) 解釋性用詞時，如：一例系統性紅斑狼瘡出現胰腺炎病例報告及文獻綜述

　　Original: A case report of SLE appearing pancreatitis and review of literatures

　　問題：1)"appear"為不及物動詞，不能跟賓語;2)SLE應使用全稱; 3)關鍵詞不夠突出;4)literature一般為不可數名詞

　　Revised: Pancreatitis in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE): A case report and review of the literature

　　(8) 提問或選擇時，如：聽診器是潛在的醫院感染源嗎?

　　Original: Is stethoscope a potential source of nosocomial infection?

　　Revised: Stethoscope: a potential source of nosocomial infection?

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